1.3 Examples

Before going into a detailed description of the C++ classes we present a few examples illustrating the‘feel’of the interface.

1.3.1 Hello(World)

This simple example shows the basic definition of the predicate hello/1 and how a Prolog argument is converted to C-data:

PREDICATE(hello, 1)
{ cout << "Hello " << (char *)A1 << endl;

  return TRUE;
}

The arguments to PREDICATE() are the name and arity of the predicate. The macros A<n> provide access to the predicate arguments by position and are of the type PlTerm. Casting a PlTerm to a char * or wchar_t * provides the natural type-conversion for most Prolog data-types, using the output of write/1 otherwise:

?- hello(world).
Hello world

Yes
?- hello(X)
Hello _G170

X = _G170

1.3.2 Adding numbers

This example shows arithmetic using the C++ interface, including unification, type-checking and conversion. The predicate add/3 adds the two first arguments and unifies the last with the result.

PREDICATE(add, 3)
{ return A3 = (long)A1 + (long)A2;
}

Casting a PlTerm to a long performs a PL_get_long() and throws a C++ exception if the Prolog argument is not a Prolog integer or float that can be converted without loss to a long. The = operator of PlTerm is defined to perform unification and returns TRUE or FALSE depending on the result.

?- add(1, 2, X).

X = 3.
?- add(a, 2, X).
[ERROR: Type error: `integer' expected, found `a']
   Exception: (  7) add(a, 2, _G197) ?

1.3.3 Average of solutions

This example is a bit harder. The predicate average/3 is defined to take the template average(+Var, :Goal, -Average) , where Goal binds Var and will unify Average with average of the (integer) results.

PlQuery takes the name of a predicate and the goal-argument vector as arguments. From this information it deduces the arity and locates the predicate. the member-function next_solution() yields TRUE if there was a solution and FALSE otherwise. If the goal yielded a Prolog exception it is mapped into a C++ exception.

PREDICATE(average, 3)
{ long sum = 0;
  long n = 0;

  PlQuery q("call", PlTermv(A2));
  while( q.next_solution() )
  { sum += (long)A1;
    n++;
  }
  return A3 = (double)sum/(double)n;
}