2.11 Compilation

2.11.1 During program development

During program development, programs are normally loaded using the list abbreviation (?- [load].). It is common practice to organise a project as a collection of source files and a load file, a Prolog file containing only use_module/[1,2] or ensure_loaded/1 directives, possibly with a definition of the entry point of the program, the predicate that is normally used to start the program. This file is often called load.pl. If the entry point is called go, a typical session starts as:

% swipl
<banner>

1 ?- [load].
<compilation messages>
true.

2 ?- go.
<program interaction>

When using Windows, the user may open load.pl from the Windows explorer, which will cause swipl-win.exe to be started in the directory holding load.pl. Prolog loads load.pl before entering the top level. If Prolog is started from an interactive shell, one may choose the type swipl -s load.pl.

2.11.2 For running the result

There are various options if you want to make your program ready for real usage. The best choice depends on whether the program is to be used only on machines holding the SWI-Prolog development system, the size of the program, and the operating system (Unix vs. Windows).

2.11.2.1 Using PrologScript

A Prolog source file can be used directly as a Unix program using the Unix #! magic start. The Unix #! magic is allowed because if the first letter of a Prolog file is #, the first line is treated as a comment.^{12The #-sign can be the legal start of a normal Prolog clause. In the unlikely case this is required, leave the first line blank or add a header comment.} To create a Prolog script, use one of the two alternatives below as first line. The first can be used to bind a script to a specific Prolog installation, while the latter uses the default prolog installed in $PATH.

#!/path/to/swipl
#!/usr/bin/env swipl

The interpretation of arguments to the executable in the HashBang line differs between Unix-derived systems. For portability, the #! must be followed immediately with an absolute path to the executable and should have none or one argument. Neither the executable path, nor the argument shall use quotes or spaces. When started this way, the Prolog flag argv contains the command line arguments that follow the script invocation.

Starting with version 7.5.8, initialization/2 support the When options program and main, allowing for the following definition of a Prolog script that evaluates an arithmetic expression on the command line. Note that main/0 is defined lib the library library(main). It calls main/1 with the command line arguments after disabling signal handling.

#!/usr/bin/env swipl

:- initialization(main, main).

main(Argv) :-
        concat_atom(Argv, ' ', SingleArg),
        term_to_atom(Term, SingleArg),
        Val is Term,
        format('~w~n', [Val]).

And here are two example runs:

% ./eval 1+2
3
% ./eval foo
ERROR: is/2: Arithmetic: `foo/0' is not a function

Prolog script may be launched for debugging or inspection purposes using the -l or -t. For example, -l merely loads the script, ignoring main and program initialization.

swipl -l eval 1+1
<banner>

?- main.
2
true.

?-

We can also force the program to enter the interactive toplevel after the application is completed using -t prolog:

swipl -t prolog eval 1+1
2
?-

The Windows version simply ignores the #! line.^{13Older versions extracted command line arguments from the HashBang line. As of version 5.9 all relevant setup can be achieved using directives. Due to the compatibility issues around HashBang line processing, we decided to remove it completely.}

2.11.2.2 Creating a shell script

With the introduction of PrologScript (see section 2.11.2.1), using shell scripts as explained in this section has become redundant for most applications.

Especially on Unix systems and not-too-large applications, writing a shell script that simply loads your application and calls the entry point is often a good choice. A skeleton for the script is given below, followed by the Prolog code to obtain the program arguments.

#!/bin/sh

base=<absolute-path-to-source>
PL=swipl

exec $PL -q -f "$base/load" --

:- initialization go.

go :-
        current_prolog_flag(argv, Arguments),
        go(Arguments).

go(Args) :-
        ...

On Windows systems, similar behaviour can be achieved by creating a shortcut to Prolog, passing the proper options or writing a .bat file.

2.11.2.3 Creating a saved state

For larger programs, as well as for programs that are required to run on systems that do not have the SWI-Prolog development system installed, creating a saved state is the best solution. A saved state is created using qsave_program/[1,2] or the -c command line option. A saved state is a file containing machine-independent^{14The saved state does not depend on the CPU instruction set or endianness. Saved states for 32- and 64-bits are not compatible. Typically, saved states only run on the same version of Prolog on which they have been created.} intermediate code in a format dedicated for fast loading. Optionally, the emulator may be integrated in the saved state, creating a single file, but machine-dependent, executable. This process is described in chapter 14.

2.11.2.4 Compilation using the -c command line option

This mechanism loads a series of Prolog source files and then creates a saved state as qsave_program/2 does. The command syntax is:

% swipl [option ...] [-o output] -c file.pl ...

The options argument are options to qsave_program/2 written in the format below. The option names and their values are described with qsave_program/2.

--option-name=option-value

For example, to create a stand-alone executable that starts by executing main/0 and for which the source is loaded through load.pl, use the command

% swipl --goal=main --stand_alone=true -o myprog -c load.pl

This performs exactly the same as executing

% swipl
<banner>

?- [load].
?- qsave_program(myprog,
                 [ goal(main),
                   stand_alone(true)
                 ]).
?- halt.